The Treaty of Verailles Essay Example for Free

The Treaty of Verailles Essay The World War I was over by the end of 1918 but the further situation was far from clear. The Paris conference was arranged to design the future world order, as was previously done by the Congress of Westphalia in 1648, the Congress of Vienna in 1815, the Congress of Berlin in 1879. Future was unclear also because of sharp differences among leading states. The Treaty of Verailles was destined to be a core of international system for inter-war period. The involvement of the USA and China as well as establishment of League of Nations made it a truly global regulator. Added by four other treaties with former allies of Germany, the whole complex is known as the Versaille world order (added sometimes by the decisions of conference of Washington in 1921-22). Last months of the 1918 witnessed an active preparation for the conference by the states of Antante and the USA. It was agreed to be held in Paris, but the positions of allies were far from agreement. The very approach to the problem of the new world order varied extremely. France and Great Britain were eager to restore a system of multipolar equilibrium, which meant cutting Germany’s ambitions and potential in such a way that it would never become a hegemon. That desire was shared by the two countries, although France was a little bit more insistant taking into account closer neighbourhood with German power. American approach was different. Wilson’s main task was to create such an international order that could prevent wars in general, allowing for peaceful settlement of small and large disputes. That required a qualitatively new methods. One of them seemed to be the creation of universal organization as the guarantor of international law provisions and a tool for resolving conflicts. The difference of approaches was even indicated by different opinions concerning place of conference. Wilson offered one of the cities of neutral Switzerland to host peace negotiations, while Clemenceau insisted on Versailles Palace as a proper place to humiliate former German Empire. The 18 of January 1919 was the historical day when the Conference started its work. From the very beginning it was facing some rather complicated problems. In Europe in turned evident that Austro-Hungary was no longer able to remain a single state. The same was true about Russia. Thus it was no longer possible to restore a per-war system in a little bit modofoed edition. Old practice of reshuffling power among winners and losers was obsolete. Something completely new had to be installed instead. More than a dozen of new, unstable political units in Central Europe which included states and different â€Å"movements† was a serious challenge. From the one hand this vacuum of power had to be filled somehow; but from the other there was no opportunity even to try to block the proccesses of self-determination. Thus the task was to elaborate some new principles and make new states follow them. The USA were primarily concentrted on that issue. France and Great Britain had another more inportant task – solving of German problem. With this goals in mind the Conference began its work. 35 states were presented at the Conference by 70 well-known politicians and diplomats. Hundreds of experts and officials were participating. French delegation put forward the so-called â€Å"Carthago peace initiative† under which Germany was to be completely disarmed and divided. Bavaria, Rein province and Saar were under this plan to be separated from Germany and the latter was to pay a huge sum in reparations. The problem of stability and security was identical for the French side to a problem of total weakening of Germany and securing French supremacy. Besides, France aimed at creating a belt of states to the East of Germany, where French influence was to be decisive. Regarding all that the French were not enthusiastic about League of Nations, prefering well-known balance of power politics. Wilson was the first American President to participate in peace confernece in Europe. For this end he left the country for almost six months (with little exception in February and March 1919). The whole strategy of Wilson’s foreign policy was built at the time upon the rejection of old principles of isolationism, which was rather controversially treated in the US. In November 1918 the elections to Congress were won by Republicans (Wison was a Democrat), which led to a constant and firm   opposition to Wilson’s initiatives. That undermined President’s negotiation capacities as soon as the Congress was to ratify all the treaties signed by Wilson. American President presented in Paris a special doctrine of new world order, known as â€Å"14 points†. He wanted to create a special system of collective security in Europe, based upon prevention of conflicts. Two main elements of the system should have included a principle of self-determination and effectiveness of League of Nations as the embodiment of international law. What is interesting about that is that self-determination was planned for a rather limited number of nations, excluded vast colonial territories, which were ruled under mandate system. British main objective was to continue politics of splendid isolation. Although it was difficult and almost impossible under new circumstances, the British delegation did it best to secure naval supremacy as the main precondition for splendid isolation. That is why the British Prime-Minister was hard about everything that concerned naval points and sceptical about French claims about extreme limitaion of German power. One of the reasons for the latter was the fear that too hard conditions would provoke a revolution like it already happened in Russia. Italy wanted to gain several territories from the former Austro-Hungary and Ottoman Empire. Japan was after former German colonies in the Pacific and in China. British dominions, such as Australia and New Zealand also wanted to gain former German territories in the Pacific. The procedure of the Conference was designed in such a way, that all major decisions were adopted by five states: the USA, Great Britain, France, Italy and Japan. Almost all of them were initiated by the first three. Germany and Russia were not present at the Conference, the former only invited to sign the Threaty of Versailles itself. The Treaty was signed on the 28 of June 1919 at the Versailles Palace, the very place where German Empie was created in 1871, between Germany from the one hand and 26 other states from the other, excluding China, which did not sign the Treaty to protest against the transfer of Shandun to Japan. The most difficult part of the negotiations and subsequent Treaty was that dealing with borders of Germany. Alsace-Lorraine which were annexed after Franco-Prussian was in 1871, were returned to France. International government under League of Nations was established for Saar for 15 years due to the position of the USA. Left bank of the Rein was claimed non-military zone, temporarily occupied by allies, mainly French. The latter point was sharply criticized in Germany, fueling nationalist and racial extremist movements (French occupying forces contained African soldiers from colonies). Belgium received Eupen and Malmedi districts and some territories of Morene. Denmark gained northern part of Schleswig after referendum in 1920. The union of Germany and Austria was prohibited. Eastern borders of Germany were easier to define. Most difficulties emerged with Poland, which allies wanted to be strong enough. To that end Poland was to get all the territories which Prussia gained as a result of divisions of Poland in the XVIII century. Besides, Germany lost a part of Eastern Prussia and parts of Posen, from which a special â€Å"Danzig corridor† was formed to give Poland access to the sea. Besides, Danzig (Gdansk) and Memel, big Prussian ports at the Baltics, were transfered under jurisdiction of the League of Nations. The Treaty limited German military forces to 100,000 and prohibited conscription, military air forces, tanks and submarines. German navy was limited, and General Stuff was dismissed. A special reparation comission was established to settle the issue of financial consequences of war. France and Great Britain were determined to get as much money from defeated Germany as possible. Although there were some opposition to this idea (including position of John Maynard Keynes), the general sum of reparations defined later was high. Speacial article (Article 231) put a historical responsibility for initiating war entirely on Germany. That was another factor, contributing to revanchist tendencies. The Treaty of Versailles was added with Treaties of St. Germain with Austria, Trianon with Hungary, Neuilly with Bulgaria and Serves with Turkey. Together they formed a system of principles which guided international relations in Europe in inter-war period. This guidance was not effective enough. Revanche was the goal of Germany, which was too limited by the Treaty of Versailles. Nothing like an effective deterrence was offered by allies. Nor the League of Nations was an effective tool for crisis prevention. Together with extinction of Russia and self-withdrawal of the USA this made Versailles â€Å"order† too weak. Thus there were two main shortcomings in the post-war management. First, Russia and the USA were out of balance of power calculation. Stbility in Europe by the mid XX century was already impossible to achieve without those two powers. France and Britain, willing to restore a multipolar system, saw their primary goal in limiting potential hegemon. For this reason France did her best to limit German power. And for the same reason Britain was not so enthusiastic about that, fearing that France may become a potential hegemon. The raise of new states to the East of German border and, in fact, between Germany and Russia did not promote stability. Vacuum of power that was created provoked both Germany and the USSR for adopting aggressive politics in the 1930-s. Another fundamental weakness of new order was a system of economic interaction among states. A new division of states completely destroyed econimic ties in the Central and Eastern Europe. Instead of large markets within big states, Europe turned into a number of small but well-protected markets, competing with one another at all costs. Economic pressure on Germany was another factor, which increased vulnerability of European economy. All in all too much politics and too many economic order was one of the reasons for Versailles order to fail. Too comlicated situation connected with the establishment of several new states and rebuilding of the whole system of international relations in the Central and Eastern Europe demanded new approaches. Balance of power was not preserved; instead Germany’s desire to revenge was heated by the weakness of neighbouring countries. In the years that followed it became evident that European affairs can not be managed without Germany and Russia. Being the first to realize that fact, two countries signed a Treaty of Rappalo which opened way for a broad cooperation in many fields. Subsequently both joined League of Nations, which however did not mean that they reject their plans for re-making of world order. Idea of world revolution and the doctrine of revenge were too difficult for Europe to sustain. The result of all miscalculations was disastrous. The World War II was the end of 20 years armictice.

The Minimum Wage Should Not Be Increased :: Minimum Wage Essays

Although many Americans believe an increase in the minimum wage is always a positive step for the federal government to take, the most recent wage hike could result in some harmful effects. One group potentially hurt by the increased minimum wage is teen-aged workers. Four hundred and eighty thousand teen jobs have been lost due to Congress putting the wage hike into place in 2007 (New Ad Campaign). In 2008, the months June through August, only 32.7 percent of teens had jobs. This is down from 45 percent in June through August 2000, stated by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (Petrecca). In the last 17 years unemployment for American teens has increased a great amount. Presently the unemployment rate is at 24 percent. In one year alone that percent has increased nearly 12 percent. Other ethnicities, such as African Americans, are also feeling the effects of unemployment. Currently the unemployment rate for African American teens is 37.9 percent; that’s four times the National average. These groups of African American teens have been hit the hardest with the unemployment rate increasing 27 percent in one year. According to Kristen Lopez Eastlick, Seni or Research Analyst for the Employment Policies Institute, â€Å"The unintended consequence of the federal minimum wage hike is pricing some employees out of the workforce, and based on the recent unemployment data, it’s teens-minority teens especially-who are getting hit the hardest† (Are Summer Jobs). John Silva, chief economist at Wells Fargo said, â€Å"It’s tough timing†, he anticipates that teenagers and those who are less qualified will have the hardest time finding work. â€Å"You’re going to have a very negative response. In a recession like this, companies don’t have the pricing power to pass on those costs† (Maher). Congress increasing minimum wage was meant to help those people who are getting paid right at the minimum wage level. But, if people can’t even get a job that pays minimum wage then the new law is hurting more than it’s helping. Works Cited â€Å"Are Summer Jobs ‘Going Out of Business?† Science Letter 21 July 2009: 2887.

How Miller Creates Conflict in the Crucible?

English Controlled Assessment Draft: Conflict in the Crucible The play I am studying for this essay is called â€Å"The Crucible† and I will be focusing on Act 1 of the book. The question I will be answering is what’s the most powerful type of conflict in the opening act of the crucible? The word conflict means a state of disharmony, opposition and or fighting. The conflict portrayed in the Crucible is often described as tools used to describe events in Millers time period.For example, witchcraft doesn’t exist in Salem yet that is the basis of the storyline of the play and many people die as a result of accusations over witchcraft. During the time Miller wrote this book, the cold war was happening and many people in America were accused of communism (including Miller himself), when they were accused they were routinely asked to give names of other communists which is the same as the ‘witches’ in Salem were asked, whether the devil â€Å"come-with an other person† and many of these people turned out to not be communists in the first place same as the accused ‘witches’.So it seems that Miller uses the fact there were not any witches in Salem as a metaphor suggesting there were not any communists in America. Miller conveys Putman as a source of conflict as a result of his rivalry for power with Parris. This is demonstrated when Mr Putman is seen as attempting to stir drama over Parris’s daughters situation â€Å"No witchcraft! Now look you Mr Parris†.As Parris is so plainly defiant in his denial of â€Å"witchcraft† affecting his daughter, this portrays Mr Putman as deliberately trying to annoy Parris to most likely make him look like a loose cannon in the eyes of Salem to steal his job. Which makes sense as Miller tells us that the Putnam’s resent Parris and Mr Putnam wanted his brother in law to have Parris’s position. The directive â€Å"Now look you† magnifies this a s although Parris has more authority than him, he is already seen as trying to order Parris around.This is then amplified when Parris replies stating â€Å"They will howl me out of Salem for such corruption in my house† as Mr Putnam is seen as the main rival to Parris, it seems that Parris implies that Mr Putnam is the one who will â€Å"howl† him out of Salem. In addition, the word â€Å"Howl† at first seems to be a hyperbole as Salem is first thought of as a good religious community, but it then creates contrast towards the end of act one as the town is seen as willing to give the death penalty to children because they think that their witches â€Å"This woman must be hanged! . This creates tension throughout the audience as it makes them realize Salem isn’t as united as it first seemed and there is a massive power struggle between the two families as â€Å"howl† also portrays Mr Putnam as a monster, more specifically a werewolf which is a mytho logical predator and predators like to be at the top of the food chain. However, Parris already has a place on top of the metaphorical food chain which places Putnam and Parris as natural rivals.Also, it creates tension in the audience by showing just how important power is in Salem as Parris and Putman both care more about power and their reputation than their own daughters. Miller’s intentions of this may be to show that people will act in extreme ways to protect themselves including neglecting their daughter, which links back to Millers era as many accused communists were interrogated under torture and many tried to escape leaving behind their families.In the play â€Å"the crucible† Miller portrays a community in conflict when proctor’s commitment to their puritan ideology is doubted. This is demonstrated when Proctor states â€Å"No, No, Abby. That’s done with† when Abigail appears to flirt with him. The connotation of â€Å"That’s don e with† suggests that Proctor once committed the sin of Adultery with her which is a very serious sin to the Puritans. The repetition of â€Å"No, No† shows that proctor knows he’s done a bad thing not just in terms of the Puritan Ideology but also in terms with his own morals.However, the fact Abigail wants to do it again and doesn’t consider it a bad thing shows the conflict and divides between the older and younger generations in Salem as the younger generation’s challenge the Puritans rules without remorse. This creates nervousness within the audience as it demonstrates just how fragile the unity of the community in Salem is. It also links back to Miller’s intentions as he may be trying to suggest that paranoia divided communities as it did in America when many people were being accused of communism over little things.Miller intensifies a sense of conflict towards the end of act 1 through a fast paced scene when multiple accusation of wit chcraft are made. This is started when Abigail exclaims â€Å"I want to open myself! † and from there onwards Betty also takes up the chant and blames people â€Å"I saw Martha Bellows with the devil! † The fact that the curtain descends with â€Å"Devil† as the last word spoken reflects the state of fear on stage and the divides caused by this conflict to Salem as normally the people of Salem talk about God but as a result of this conflict they end by talking about he Devil, an abnormal thing for them. The use of Exclamation marks, snappy sentences and the amount of accusations made infers that it is a fast paced, loud scene and reflective of the hysteria on stage. This creates dramatic irony towards the audience as they know the truth which is that witchcraft doesn’t actually exist, the fact witchcraft is punishable by death shows them that the girls are willing to let someone else die to prove themselves innocent thus creating a sense of conflict.The r epetition of the word â€Å"Devil† towards the end makes the audience feel sympathy towards the people that are getting blamed as they know that none of it is actually true. This can be linked back to Millers intentions as he may be trying to show that when people fear for their life they are willing to lie and blame others to save themselves which also occurred during the cold war (Millers era) when people lied and blamed other people of being communists to avoid themselves going to prison.To conclude, there have been many powerful conflicts throughout act 1, my final judgement is the rivalry of power between Parris and Putnam is the most powerful conflict. This is important as it provides the baseline for the story line. Parris states that there are ‘factions’ after his position in Salem, It is likely that he is meaning the Putnam family as they are seen as a main antagonistic rival in ‘The Crucible’ against Parris. He describes calling for Reveren d Hale as a â€Å"precaution† but denies that â€Å"witchcraft† is the reason for his daughter’s problem.As a result it is likely that he called for Mr Hale just so Mr Putnam doesn’t complain and demand his removal from power, so it is essential that Miller introduced with this conflict as without it the play wouldn’t be as gripping. This conflict effects the audience by making them realize that even before witchcraft entered the picture there was already a fragility in the community relations in Salem and it’s likely that these conflicts would probably at some time be realised and spark irrational action. Witchcraft is seen as just the trigger to this.

The And Skills With Quantitative Reasoning And Analysis

Assess your progress and skills with quantitative reasoning and analysis. Where do you still need to improve, and what is your plan for improving these skills? Assessing my progress and skills with quantitative reasoning and analysis is with being able to utilizing SPSS to compute my results. Initially taking this class I felt that SPSS was initially simple. But throughout the classes I noticed that it became more difficulty on using SPSS, where I had to utilize numerous websites and books to be able to get the appropriate results. I still seem to have some difficulty with creating APA style graphing, and my grades seem to show little improvement. I must admit this class is quite different from my initially Quantitative Analysis class. I would like to do more imputing data in SPSS on different type of research methodologies to strengthen this area. I would also like to practice on creating proficient APA graphs for all types of research designs. I believe Walden have seminars on strengthening this weakness, I remember seeing a seminar that was provided but the class filled up to quickly that I was unable to sign in. Consider what role this course has played in helping you determine an approach to your dissertation topic. Has your original topic and approach changed? Why? How? In consideration of this course I feel that I have a lot of weaknesses in regards of quantitative reasoning, I feel it may be beneficial to do a study in qualitative due to my proficiency in thatShow MoreRelatedHuman Rights And Fights For Social Justice Essay1633 Words   |  7 PagesThere are also two research methods to consider – quantitative and qualitative. Rubin and Babbie (2014) state that qualitative analysis is â€Å"the non-numerical examination and interpretation of observations for the purpose of discovering underlying meanings and patterns of relationships – involves a continuing interplay between data collection and theory, understanding must precede practice.† Rubin and Babbie (2014) continue that quantitative analysis is â€Å"techniques by which researchers convert dataRead MoreEligibility Criteria For Applicants Criteria1732 Words   |  7 Pagesfollowing 4 sections: †¢ Analytical Writing Assessment †¢ Integrated Reasoning Section †¢ Quantitative Section †¢ Verbal Section Time limit for these four sections is 3  ½ hours. The total score out of 800 is only for the verbal and quantitative sections. The remaining two sections receive their independent scores. Section 1: Analytical Writing Assessment This is a type of essay writing whose time limit is 30 miniutes which includes : Analysis of an Argument Here you’re expected to- Analyze the given argumentRead MoreQuantitative vs Qualitative Research Design Essay1657 Words   |  7 PagesThe foundational difference between the two methodologies of quantitative and qualitative research is that they stem from differing ideas on the nature of ‘reality’. Whereas the quantitative concept of reality is an objective one proven to be true by empirical evidence, qualitative’s concept of ‘reality’ is based on personal perception. Qualitative methodology suggests that as ways of perceiving the would are unique that reality itself is subjective (Alston Bowles, 2012, pp. 12-16). In other wordsRead MoreQuantitative Techniques Used By Marketing Costing, Time Driven Activity Based Costing Essay1071 Words   |  5 Pagesare mainly classified into qualitative techniques and quantitative techniques. Qualitative cost estimation techniques are based on a comparison analysis of a new product with the products that have been manufactured previous ly in order to identify the similarities in the new one. Whereas the quantitative techniques are based on a detailed analysis of a product design, its features, and corresponding manufacturing processes. Therefore quantitative techniques are more preferred. Time-driven activityRead MoreQuantitative Vs. Qualitative : A Comparative Analysis Of Research Methods Essay1606 Words   |  7 PagesQuantitative vs. Qualitative: A Comparative Analysis of Research Methods Engaging in a research project can be a frightening and intimidating task for anyone. However, Polansky and Waller (2015) provide a six-step process that is designed to simplify the research process by alleviating anxiety and ensuring that the researcher is able to complete the project in a timely manner. The first step is defining the problem so that it is clearly understood. Once there is clarity on what needs to be doneRead MoreA Research Study On Learning Experience1550 Words   |  7 Pagesexperiment, interview and literature analysis. Although interview was never completed, the other methods proved to be highly effective in completing the outcome. It was decided that an experiment would be done to find data for the Research Project, in order to explore different research methods and to add a primary source. Conducting this experiment allowed me to develop many skills, such as communication, data analysing skills, and ethical consideration skills. To conduct the experiment, consentRead MoreThe Analysis And Data Collection859 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction: The aim of this chapter is to provide the general overview and clarify the approaches used in analysis and data collection which includes the tool that will be used for the data analysis, research philosophies, sampling techniques, and the approaches. Research Philosophy/Paradigms: To carry out the research, it goes through different process like research philosophy, research design, research approach as shown in fig 1:1 Research Onion Read MoreQualitative Research : Quantitative Research Essay1320 Words   |  6 PagesQualitative research is scientific research based on something that cannot be correctly and precisely measured (University of Wisconsin-Madison-Health Services Ebling Library, 2016). Qualitative research is biased and uses preliminary reasoning to combine data (University of Wisconsin-Madison-Health Services Ebling Library, 2016). Qualitative research establishes theories to help explain the phenomena while focusing on the experiences and opinions of all study subjects (Verhoef Casebeer, 1997)Read MorePersonal Statement: Business Administration Field Essay683 Words   |  3 Pagespatterns and data analysis. I always had the attitude to indulge myself within various critical reasoning tasks, be it solving numerical puzzles or figuring out capital market movements. My knack for statistics and aptitude to analyse large data sets, was the stimulus for me to take up certain courses during my Under Graduation. I chose algorithms, advanced calculus, computer programming languages, and more dynamic computing software, like MATLAB to enhance my quantitative skills further. ThereonRead MoreWhy Algebra Should Be Considered Prudent?1358 Words   |  6 Pagesthe employers will look for these abstract thinking skills. In the article, â€Å"Should Algebra Required† which appeared in the New York Times, Hacker states that algebra as a requisite is an obstacle for many students to graduate from college. Hacker indicates that algebra should be considered prudent because it â€Å"develops student’s problem solving skills, which involve step-by-step analysis† (2012). Based on that, this step-by-step analysis skill is important in several career settings, including but